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HOW TO ENABLE QUOTA ON LINUX
_Last updated: Fri Aug 8 09:45:05 HKT 1997_
Preamble: This document is copylefted by Albert M.C. Tam
(bertie@scn.org). Permission to use, copy, distribute this document for
non-commerical purposes is hereby granted, provided that the author's /
editor's name and this notice appear in all copies and/or supporting
documents; that this document is not modified. This document is
distributed in hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY,
either expressed or implied. While every effort has been taken to
ensure the accuracy of the information documented herein, the author /
editor / maintainer assumes NO RESPONSIBILITY for errors, or for
damages results for the use of the information documented herein.
This document describes how to enable file system quota on a Linux
host, assigning quota for users and groups, as well as the usage of
miscellaneous quota commands. It is intended for users running kernel
2.x (recently tested on RedHat 4.1 running kernel 2.0.27). Users
running older kernels may need to upgrade to a newer kernel version in
order to take advantage of quota.
Feel free to send feedbacks or comments to bertie@scn.org if you find
an error, or if any information is missing. I appreciate it.
_________________________________________________________________
What is Quota?
Quota allows you to specify limits on two aspects of disk storage: the
number of inodes a user or a group of users may possess; and the
number of disk blocks that may be allocated to a user or a group of
users.
The idea behind quota is that users are forced to stay under their
disk comsumption limit, taking away their ability to comsume unlimited
disk space on a system.
Quota is handled on a per user, per file system basis. If there is
more than one file system which a user is expected to create files,
then quota must be set for each file system seperately.
Current Status of Quota on Linux
Quota support has been integrated into kernel since version 1.3.8x I
heard. Now it is part of the 2.0 release of the Linux kernel. If your
system doesn't support quota, I really recommend an upgrade.
Currently, quota works for _ext2_ type file system only.
Requirements for Using Quota on Linux
_Kernel_
The 2.x kernel source is available from
http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/v2.0
_Quota software_
Depending on the Linux distribution you have, you may, or may not have
the quota softwares installed on your system. If you don't, then
download the quota software source from
ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/subsystems/quota/all.tar.gz.
_________________________________________________________________
Quota Setup on Linux - Part I: The Configuration
_1. Reconfigure your kernel_
Reconfigure your kernel and add quota support by typing y to:
Quota support (CONFIG_QUOTA) [n] y
_2. Compile and install the quota softwares_
The quota software source is available from
ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/subsystems/quota/all.tar.gz
_3. Modify your system init script to check quota and turn quota on at
boot time _
Here's an example:
# Check quota and then turn quota on.
if [ -x /usr/sbin/quotacheck ]
then
echo "Checking quotas. This may take some time."
/usr/sbin/quotacheck -avug
echo " Done."
fi
if [ -x /usr/sbin/quotaon ]
then
echo "Turning on quota."
/usr/sbin/quotaon -avug
fi
The golden rule is that _always_ turn quota on _after_ your file
systems in /etc/fstab have been mounted, otherwise quota will fail to
work. I recommend turning quota on at the end of your system init
script, or, if you like, right after the part where file systems are
mounted in your system init script.
_4. Modify /etc/fstab_
Partitions that you have not yet enabled quota normally look something
like:
/dev/hda1 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda2 /usr ext2 defaults 1 1
To enable user quota support on a file system, add "usrquota" to the
fourth field containing the word "defaults" (_man fstab_ for details).
/dev/hda1 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda2 /usr ext2 defaults,usrquota 1 1
Replace "usrquota" with "grpquota", should you need group quota
support on a file system.
/dev/hda1 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda2 /usr ext2 defaults,grpquota 1 1
Need both user quota and group quota support on a file system?
/dev/hda1 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda2 /usr ext2 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1
1
_5. Create quota record "quota.user" and "quota.group"_
Both quota record files, quota.user and quota.group, should be owned
by root, and read-write permission for root and none for anybody else.
Login as root. Go to the root of the partition you wish to enable
quota, then create quota.user and quota.group by doing:
touch /partition/quota.user
touch /partition/quota.group
chmod 600 /partition/quota.user
chmod 600 /partition/quota.group
_6. Reboot_
Now reboot system for the changes you have made to take effect.
Also note that subsequent partitions you wish to enable quota in the
future only require step 4, 5, and 6.
Quota Setup on Linux - Part II: Assigning Quota for Users and Groups
This operation is performed with the edquota command (_man edquota_
for details).
I would normally run _quotacheck_ with the flags _-avug_ to obtain the
most updated filesystems usage prior to editing quota. This is just a
personal habit, and not a required step however.
_Assigning quota for a particular user_
Here's an example. I have a user with the login id _bob_ on my system.
The command "edquota -u bob" takes me into vi (or editor specified in
my $EDITOR environment variable) to edit quota for user _bob_ on each
partition that has quota enabled:
Quotas for user bob:
/dev/hda2: blocks in use: 2594, limits (soft = 5000, hard = 6500)
inodes in use: 356, limits (soft = 1000, hard = 1500)
"blocks in use" is the total number of blocks (in kilobytes) a user
has comsumed on a partition.
"inodes in use" is the total number of files a user has on a
partition.
_Assigning quota for a particular group_
Now I have a group _games_ on my system. "edquota -g games" takes me
into the vi editor again to edit quota for the group _games_:
Quotas for group games:
/dev/hda4: blocks in use: 5799, limits (soft = 8000, hard = 10000)
inodes in use: 1454, limits (soft = 3000, hard = 4000)
_Assigning quota for a bunch of users with the same value_
To rapidly set quotas for, say 100 users, on my system to the same
value as my user _bob_, I would first edit _bob_'s quota information
by hand, then execute:
edquota -p bob `awk -F: '$3 > 499 {print $1}' /etc/passwd`
assuming that you are using csh, and that you assign your user UID's
starting with 500.
In addition to edquota, there are 3 terms which you should familiarize
yourself with: Soft Limit, Hard Limit, and Grace Period.
_Soft Limit_
_Soft limit_ indicates the maximum amount of disk usage a quota user
has on a partition. When combined with _grace period_, it acts as the
border line, which a quota user is issued warnings about his impending
quota violation when passed.
_Hard Limit_
_Hard limit_ works _only_ when _grace period_ is set. It specifies the
absolute limit on the disk usage, which a quota user can't go beyond
his _hard limit_.
_Grace Period_
Executed with the command "edquota -t", _grace period_ is a time limit
before the _soft limit_ is enforced for a file system with quota
enabled. Time units of sec(onds), min(utes), hour(s), day(s), week(s),
and month(s) can be used. This is what you'll see with the command
"edquota -t":
Time units may be: days, hours, minutes, or seconds
Grace period before enforcing soft limits for users:
/dev/hda2: block grace period: 0 days, file grace period: 0 days
Change the 0 days part to any length of time you feel reasonable. I
personally would choose 7 days (or 1 week).
_________________________________________________________________
Miscellaneous Quota Commands
_Quotacheck_
Quotacheck is used to scan a file system for disk usages, and updates
the quota record file "quota.user" to the most recent state. I
recommend running quotacheck at system bootup, or via cronjob
periodically (say, every week?).
_Repquota_
Repquota produces a summarized quota information for a file system.
Here is a sample output repquota gives:
# repquota -a
Block limits File limits
User used soft hard grace used soft hard grace
root -- 175419 0 0 14679 0 0
bin -- 18000 0 0 735 0 0
uucp -- 729 0 0 23 0 0
man -- 57 0 0 10 0 0
user1 -- 13046 15360 19200 806 1500 2250
user2 -- 2838 5120 6400 377 1000 1500
_Quotaon and Quotaoff_
Quotaon is used to turn on quota accouting; quotaoff to turn it off.
Actually both files are similar. They are executed at system startup
and shutdown.